Metagenomic analysis, through the use of bioinformatics tools, makes it possible to know even the non-culturable microbiota. The development of “omics” as an alternative to traditional methods has allowed a deeper understanding of the microbiota present in a given habitat. The culture techniques only estimate about 3% of the microbiota present in an environmental sample ( Rubin, 2008). Moreover, the high temperatures reached during the process eliminate possible pathogens and, in addition, could reduce ARGs present in the raw materials ( Zittel et al., 2020). This process generated a safe and stable bioproduct, the compost, which can be used as organic fertilizer ( Soobhany et al., 2017). Composting is considered one of the best options due to its sustainability and integration into circular bioeconomy concept, which is what the current European system is committed to Razza et al. Therefore, a good management of these biosolids is crucial to avoiding the environmental and sanitary threats derived of the application of improperly treated sewage sludge ( Kacprzak et al., 2017).Ĭurrent alternatives for the treatment of sewage sludge include composting, anaerobic digestion, and thermochemical processes, such as incineration, pyrolysis, or gasification ( Raheem et al., 2018 Gao et al., 2020). After treatment, this waste can be used as fertilizer and for soil bioremediation ( Eid et al., 2018), as well as to obtain energy and heat ( Abuşoğlu et al., 2017).
These include, among others, sewage sludge, which contains heavy metals, organic compounds, pathogens ( Lamastra et al., 2018), and traces of antibiotics that promote the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARGs) ( Sun et al., 2019 Urra et al., 2019). The situation is aggravated by the spread caused by the continuous generation of waste of anthropogenic origin ( Karkman et al., 2018). In fact, it is estimated that by 2050 there will be 10 million deaths as a result of this problem ( He et al., 2020). The accelerated appearance of antibiotic resistance has become a global health problem ( Abadi et al., 2019 Mobarki et al., 2019). Therefore, industrial composting of sewage sludge results in a bio-safe final product suitable for use in a variety of applications. Moreover, antibiotic-resistant microorganisms present in the raw materials were reduced, since these were isolated only in the bio-oxidative phase. 16S rRNA phylogeny data revealed that the process clearly evolved toward a prevalence of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria phyla, removing the fecal load. In addition, fecal bacteria indicators and pathogens, such as Salmonella, were isolated from samples collected at key stages of the process and characterized for antibiotic resistance to macrolide, β-lactam, quinolone, and aminoglycoside families. For this purpose, the bacteriome and the fecal bacteria contamination of samples from different sewage sludge industrial composting facilities were evaluated. The objective of this study was to analyze the bacterial population linked to this process and to determine its effectiveness for the reduction, and even elimination, of microorganisms and pathogens present in these organic wastes. Among the alternatives for the management of this waste, industrial composting stands out as one of the most relevant. It's compatible with many different data formats like SF6, SGM, SF3, SFX, SF, ASF, SGP, XLS, XML, TXT, CSV, DAT, EDF, DBF, DIF, WK and 123, that are the standard formats to compile data.ĭownload Statgraphics and get hold of a solvent tool to work with data and statistics.Wastewater treatment generates a huge amount of sewage sludge, which is a source of environmental pollution.
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StatPublish: saves the output from the software to view it in a web browser.StatAdvisor: know the result of your statistical analyses.StatLink: analyze the data and conclusions obtained with different data sources.StatWizard: assistant to configure the type of analysis that is convenient for your data.StatReporter: organize the results to publish them.Statgraphics is made up by various tools dedicated to making it easier to work with this science: Components of Statgraphics Centurion 17 Nevertheless, Statgraphics is a product that doesn't waive the advanced features of these statistical calculus and analysis programs at the same time that it offers a work environment that is accessible to people that aren't statisticians. The people dedicated to the world of data and statistics usually require complex analysis tools.
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